6. Goddard, Paul B., Jianjun Yin, Stephen M. Griffies, and Matthew Winton. “An Extreme Event of Sea-Level Rise Along the Northeast Coast of North America in 2009–2010.” Nature Communications 6 (2015): 6346. Links an AMOC/Gulf Stream anomaly to a sudden, damaging spike in Northeast U.S. coastal water levels.
7. Yin, Jianjun, Michael E. Schlesinger, and Ronald J. Stouffer. “Model Projections of Rapid Sea-Level Rise on the Northeast Coast of the United States.” Nature Geoscience 2 (2009): 262–266. Projects a distinct dynamic sea-level rise signal for the Northeast U.S. driven by circulation change, widely cited in regional planning.
8. Volkov, Denis L., Francisco M. Calafat, Stéphan D. Howden, and Frederick M. Bingham. “Unprecedented Acceleration of Sea Level Along the U.S. Southeast and Gulf Coasts During 2010–2022.” Nature Communications 14 (2023): 2765. Documents recent coastal sea-level acceleration and implicates circulation-driven dynamics that compound flood risk.
9. van Westen, René M., Henk A. Dijkstra, and colleagues. “Physics-Based Early Warning for a Collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.” Geophysical Research Letters 51 (2024). Develops indicators suggesting mid-century onset windows for an AMOC tipping process under continued warming, sharpening risk timelines.
10. Baker, Jonathan C. A., et al. “AMOC Collapse in the Next 75 Years Is Unlikely, but Continued Weakening Is Very Likely.” Nature (2025). Uses targeted modelling to argue against a near-term shutdown while emphasizing societally significant weakening—an important counterpoint in the literature.
11. Drijfhout, Sybren, Stefan Rahmstorf, and co-authors. “Multi-Century CMIP6 Extensions Indicate Elevated AMOC Shutdown Risk Beyond 2100.” Environmental Research Letters (2025). Extends standard scenarios to 2300–2500 and finds tipping thresholds likely crossed within decades, with shutdown lagging by 50–100 years.
12. Zhang, Rong, and Thomas L. Delworth. “Simulated Tropical Response to a Substantial Weakening of the AMOC.” Geophysical Research Letters 32 (2005): L16703. Shows a southward shift of the ITCZ and broad hydroclimate reorganization under a weakened AMOC, underpinning rainfall-belt impacts.
13. Poloczanska, Elvira S., et al. “Global Imprint of Climate Change on Marine Life.” Science 341, no. 6145 (2013): 1239–1242. Synthesizes observed range shifts and phenology changes in marine taxa, contextualizing fisheries responses to changing currents and temperatures.
14. Bryndum-Buchholz, Andreas, et al. “Twenty-First-Century Climate Change Impacts on Marine Animal Biomass and Ecosystem Structure.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 26 (2019): 12907–12912. Uses the EcoOcean framework to project declines in total system biomass and stronger impacts at higher trophic levels under warming and circulation changes.
15. Purkey, Sarah G., and Gregory C. Johnson. “Warming of Global Abyssal and Deep Southern Ocean Waters Between the 1990s and 2000s: Contributions to Sea Level Rise.” Journal of Climate 23, no. 23 (2010): 6336–6351. Foundational evidence of Southern Ocean deep-water warming and freshening that foreshadows reduced ventilation and carbon/heat uptake.
16. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service. High Tide Flooding Annual Outlook, 2024. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA, 2024. Provides U.S. nuisance-flood projections and recent frequency statistics, frequently cited in local risk communication.
17. Upson, Sandra. “How Soon Might the Atlantic Ocean Break? Two Sibling Scientists Found an Answer—and Shook the World.” Wired , July 25, 2024. A deeply reported feature on the Ditlevsen early-warning work and the scientific debate over AMOC timing and methods.
18. Carrington, Damian. “Collapse of Critical Atlantic Current Is No Longer Low-Likelihood, Study Finds.” The Guardian , August 28, 2025. Summarizes new ERL results and expert reactions, translating multi-century modelling into clear public-facing risk language.
19. Irish Examiner. “Cork Whale Watch Shuts After Forage Fish Decline Off West Cork.” May 27, 2025. Local reportage connecting sprat declines to whale-watch closures, illustrating ecosystem and economic knock-ons of shifting currents and warming.