Bibliography
1. Ovalle, David. “Trump Pushes Forcible Hospitalization of Homeless People with Order.” Washington Post , July 24, 2025. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2025/07/24/trump-homeless-forced-hospitalization-executive-order/. — Reports on Trump’s executive order encouraging civil commitment for the homeless and outlines reactions from experts and advocates.
2. Executive Office of the President. Ending Crime and Disorder on America’s Streets. Executive Order, July 24, 2025. — Full text of Trump’s executive order mandating institutionalization of the homeless for “public order.”
3. The White House. “Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Takes Action to End Crime and Disorder on America’s Streets.” July 24, 2025. — Summary of the executive order’s key provisions and its political framing.
4. American Civil Liberties Union. “ACLU Condemns Trump Executive Order Targeting Disabled and Unhoused People.” Press release, July 24, 2025. — Civil rights organization’s response warning against forced institutionalization and privacy violations.
5. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). “Deinstitutionalization: Community Treatment and Civil Commitment in the U.S.” SAMHSA Background Brief. — Historical context on deinstitutionalization and the evolution of civil commitment standards.
6. Mathis, Jennifer. Statement in Ovalle, David. “Trump Pushes Forcible Hospitalization of Homeless People.” Washington Post , July 24, 2025. — Commentary on the legal and ethical problems with forced institutionalization.
7. Dailey, Lisa. Executive Director, Treatment Advocacy Center. Quoted in Ovalle, David. Washington Post , July 24, 2025. — Argues for earlier intervention to treat serious mental illness to avoid incarceration or homelessness.
8. Humphreys, Keith. Quoted in Ovalle, David. Washington Post , July 24, 2025. — Discusses political resonance and public frustration over visible homelessness.
9. “Confining the Poor: Poorhouses and Workhouses.” In Historical and Modern Institutionalization of Marginalized Populations , Part 1. — Documents the punitive logic of 18th–19th century poorhouses and their harsh conditions.
10. “Institutionalizing the ‘Insane’: Lunatic Asylums and Involuntary Commitment.” In Historical and Modern Institutionalization of Marginalized Populations , Part 1. — Describes the rise of asylums and legal laxity in 19th-century mental health commitments.
11. Bly, Nellie. “Ten Days in a Madhouse.” New York World , 1887. — Groundbreaking exposé on conditions at Blackwell’s Island Asylum and early journalism challenging institutional abuse.
12. Deutsch, Albert. The Shame of the States. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1948. — A critical survey of postwar American mental institutions, exposing neglect and abuse.
13. Kennedy, John F. “Special Message to the Congress on Mental Illness and Mental Retardation.” February 5, 1963. — Introduced the Community Mental Health Act and began deinstitutionalization.
14. O’Connor v. Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563 (1975). — Supreme Court ruling that one cannot be involuntarily committed without clear evidence of danger or inability to survive independently.
15. Life Magazine. “Bedlam 1946.” Life , May 6, 1946. — Iconic photo essay documenting horrific asylum conditions in the U.S., helping galvanize public demand for reform.
16. Salt Lake County. “Final Report: Housing First Outcomes.” Salt Lake City, UT: Department of Human Services, 2024. — Provides data on long-term housing reducing chronic homelessness by over 90%.
17. Koh, Katherine. Quoted in Ovalle, David. Washington Post , July 24, 2025. — Harvard psychiatrist warning against expanding forced hospitalization without systemic support.